>>19 Just so you know, many teachers in elementary school teach students that starting a sentence with "and" is grammatically incorrect. They do this to prevent kids who don't have a good grasp of how subordinate clauses work from making run-on sentences. Later in their schooling, their teachers are basically supposed to make kids unlearn this rule and learn the actual grammar behind it. This doesn't always happen. And if you think this is crazy and kind of a bad idea, welcome to the American education system.
(Also, I intentionally started the correct sentence with a conjunction just to catch someone. Unfortunately, Fuji took away the joy of correcting them. Yes, I'm an ass.)
>>20 I'd actually call both of those incorrect. I'd say that you've misplaced the modifier in the sentence. If you had put the modifier in parentheses and called it an aside, I'd be good with it, but those sentences do not read well as is.
1. Because Alberta, Canada is so far North, it snows a lot in the winter.
2. Because Alberta, Canada is so far north, it snows a lot in the winter.
(Extra points if you don't use Google for this one.)